Scoliosis, a sideways curvature of the spine, affects millions of people worldwide. It often begins silently, progressing as a child grows. However, thanks to significant advancements in diagnosis and treatment, scoliosis is a very manageable condition when identified and addressed promptly.
Management strategies depend on the severity of the curve, which is determined by a measurement called the Cobb angle on a standing X-ray.
The Five Main Types of Scoliosis
Understanding the type of scoliosis is the first step in determining the correct treatment path.
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Idiopathic Scoliosis: The most common form, accounting for 80% of cases. The cause is unknown, and it often runs in families. It is classified by age of onset:
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Infantile: 0–3 years
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Juvenile: 4–9 years
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Adolescent: 10–18 years (most common)
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Congenital Scoliosis: Caused by a birth defect in the spine's development, such as malformed vertebrae. It is typically detected in infancy and can progress quickly, requiring early intervention.
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Neuromuscular Scoliosis: Results from an underlying neuromuscular condition like cerebral palsy, muscular dystrophy, or a spinal cord injury. These curves are often more severe and complex.
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Degenerative (Adult) Scoliosis: Also known as De Novo scoliosis, this type is caused by age-related spinal changes like disc degeneration and arthritis, usually appearing after age 50. Minimally invasive procedures like OLIF (Oblique Lumbar Interbody Fusion) have revolutionized treatment for our geriatric population, offering excellent results with minimal trauma.
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Functional (Postural) Scoliosis: In this type, the spine itself is normal but appears curved due to another issue, such as a leg length discrepancy or muscle spasms. The curve is flexible and typically resolves when the underlying problem is treated.
How is Scoliosis Treated? A Staged Approach
Treatment is based on the severity of the curve (Cobb angle):
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Observation (Curve up to 25 degrees): For mild curves, a "watch-and-wait" approach is used, with regular follow-ups and physiotherapy to monitor for any changes.
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Bracing (Curve from 25 to 50 degrees): In growing children, a brace is often prescribed to prevent the curve from progressing further.
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Surgery (Curve over 50 degrees): Surgery becomes a critical consideration for severe curves, as those beyond 60 degrees can continue to progress throughout life, even after growth has stopped.
A Positive Outlook for a Fulfilling Life
Today, a scoliosis diagnosis is no longer a life-limiting condition. With increased awareness, timely intervention, and personalized treatment plans, individuals with scoliosis can lead active, healthy, and fulfilling lives. Whether you are a parent monitoring your child's growth or an adult navigating spinal changes, seeking timely care is the first step toward a healthier future.
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